Face recognition is a challenging problem due to different illuminations, poses, facial expressions, and occlusions. In this paper, a new robust face recognition method is proposed based on the color and Edge Orientation difference histogram. Firstly, the color and Edge Orientation difference histogram is extracted using color, color difference, Edge Orientation, and Edge Orientation difference of the face image. Then the backward feature selection is employed in order to reduce the number of features. Finally, the Canberra measure is used to assess the similarity between the images. The color and Edge Orientation difference histogram shows the color and Edge Orientation difference between two neighboring pixels. This histogram is effective for face recognition due to the different skin colors and different Edge Orientations of the face image, which leads to a different light reflection. The proposed method is evaluated on the Yale and ORL face datasets. These datasets consist of gray-scale face images under different illuminations, poses, facial expressions, and occlusions. The recognition rate over the Yale and ORL datasets is achieved to be 100% and 98. 75%, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the existing methods in face recognition.

Content-based image retrieval is one of the interesting subjects in image processing and machine vision. In image retrieval systems, the query image is compared with images in the database to retrieve images containing similar content. Image comparison is done using features extracted from the query and database images. In this paper, the features are extracted based on the human visual system. Since the human visual system considers the texture and the Edge Orientation in images for comparison, the colour difference histogram associated with the image’ s texture and Edge Orientation is extracted as a feature. In this paper, the features are selected using the Shannon entropy criterion. The proposed method is tested using the Corel-5K and Corel-10K databases. The precision and recall criteria were used to evaluate the proposed system. The experimental results show the ability of the proposed system for more accurate retrieval rather than recently content-based image retrieval systems.

Shadow detection is an important preprocessing step in many applications of remote sensing, particularly in high resolution images. Shadow represents information about the shape, relative position and direction of the object and in urban environments occupy a significant portion of the image. Shadow can have positive and negative effects in objects interpretation. Shadows can be regarded as a type of useful information in building position recognition and height estimation. Researchers have presented model-based methods, property-based methods and based on index to shadow detection. In this research, we use local feature to identify the shadow of buildings in order to detect building position recognition. After point local feature extraction, we estimate their Orientation. Orientation histogram calculate and due to the perpendicular Edges of different buildings can extract main Orientations. Edge map definition, which emphasizes Edges only in the main Orientations and dilate in the main Orientations. This improved Edge map is fused with initial shadow features. Edges are used to detect shadow of building and remove shadows that are not for the building. The proposed method was performed on four high-resolution image. Ground reference data obtained manually and Recall, precision and F-score, in best situation, respectively 90. 1, 88. 86 and 89. 48 indicate the efficiency and proper performance of the proposed method.

Background: Entrococci is a clinically important pathogenic bacterium in UTIs. CHROMagar Orientation is a recently method for rapid, easy and economic isolation and identification of entrococci. This study compares the chromogenic media with traditional methods for presumptive identification of entrococci from urine specimen. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 240 gram positive cocci from urine specimens. These isolated microorganisms were inoculated on CHROMagar Orientation and were presumptively identified according to manufacturer instruction. The identity of all isolated microorganisms was then confirmed by conventional identification tests and compared with the results obtained from CHROMagar Orientation. Results: In this study, the sensitivity and specificity of CHROMagar Orientation to identify entrococci, solely, were 100% and 40.8%, respectively. Conclusion: Although CHROMagar Orientation was rapid and sensitive method for identification of entrococci in urine culture, CHROMagar Orientation alone appeared not to be very specific for entrococci and needed to be combined with other tests for greater exclusivity. So, CHROMagar Orientation media is not recommended for routine usages in medical laboratories in Iran.

Aim: This study was designed to determine any profile changes and indentify the role of the most significant factors responsible for these changes.Materials and Methods: Cephalograms of 56 class II Division I patients (36 female and 18 male with mean age of 10 years) were used to analysis any changes in the perioral soft tissue profile before and after the treatment. A correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis (forward) revealed complex interaction between dentition, bony structures and soft tissues of the perioral area.Results: Retraction at the upper lip and increase in lower lip length in boys were more predictable than that of others. Significant soft tissue changes occured in response to orthodontic treatment, Upper lip retraction was shown to be related to the following factors: a- Retraction of upper incisal Edges during treatment, b-Retraction of Point A, c- Pretreatment upper sulcus thickness and d- Retraction of sulcus superior.Conclusion: A greater increase in lower lip length takes place with greater amount of maxillary incisa1 Edge retraction during treatment and a greater amount of sulcus superior retraction.

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The Edge-tenacity Te(G) of a graph G was de ned as Te(G) = min F E(G) f j F j + (G 􀀀 F)! (G 􀀀 F) g where the minimum is taken over all Edge cutset F of G. We de ne G-F to be the graph induced by the Edges of E(G)􀀀 F,  (G􀀀 F) is the number of Edges in the largest component of the graph induced by G-F and! (G 􀀀 F) is the number of components of G􀀀 F. A set F  E(G) is said to be a Te-set of G if Te(G) = jFj+ (G􀀀 F)! (G􀀀 F) Each component has at least one Edge. In this paper we introduce a new invariant Edge-tenacity, for graphs. it is another vulnerability measure. we present several properties and bounds on the Edge-tenacity. we also compute the Edge-tenacity of some classes of graphs.

In this paper, we study both concepts of geodetic dominating and Edge geodetic dominating sets and derive some tight upper bounds on the Edge geodetic and the Edge geodetic domination numbers. We also obtain attainable upper bounds on the maximum number of elements in a partition of a vertex set of a connected graph into geodetic sets, Edge geodetic sets, geodetic dominating sets and Edge geodetic dominating sets, respectively.

In this paper, the transport properties of a phosphorene nanoribbon with zigzag Edges are investigated. Although phosphorene is a two-dimensional structure with gaps, each zigzag Edge of phosphorene nanoribbon acts like a one-dimensional quantum wire, so a nanoribbon with two Edges is similar to two parallel quantum wires. We also show that by adding an impurity line between the upper and lower Edges, we can create an impurity strip that can connect the upper Edge to the lower Edge. In other words, different inputs can be coupled to different outputs. To calculate coupling coefficients between inputs and outputs, we use the Lippmann-Schwinger formulation. The final results show that depending on the energy of the input state and the corresponding standing wave in the impurity band, the phenomenon of resonance or anti-resonance can be created in the dispersion between inputs and outputs. Besides the theoretical aspect of the proposed scheme presented in this article, it can be applied to make nanoswitches in practice.